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2010年8月12日 星期四

統計、流病、EBM 10：THE LANCET臨床研究導讀

THE LANCET臨床研究導讀(Handbook of Essential Concepts in Clinical Research)中文版 2008 由Elsevier Taiwan出版，力大圖書經銷。

這是一本好書，但中文版未曾仔細閱讀過，只讀過英文版，Schulz, K. F. 及Grimes, D. A.兩人合著，英國人的英文當然是比較難，但也比較有趣。必需注意的是在第七章關於Youden's J出現錯誤，書中誤植為predictive value positive + predictive value negative - 1，正確為sensitivity + specificity - 1。勘誤表出版於Lancet. 2008 Jun 14;371(9629):1998.。出錯的由來可能來自Armitage, P et al的Statistical Methods in Medical Reseach。

整本書的內容在Lancet 上於2002年及2005年出版。

Introduction
01. An overview of clinical research: the lay of the land.


Observational studies
02. Descriptive studies: what they can and cannot do.
03. Bias and causal associations in observational research.
04. Cohort studies: marching towards outcome.
05. Case-control studies: research in reverse.
06. Compared to what? Finding controls for case-control studies.

Screening tests
07. Uses and abuses of screening tests.
      Letter 1: Screening in clinical trials
      Letter 2: Screening in clinical trials
      Erratum: Lancet. 2008 Jun 14;371(9629):1998
08. Refining clinical diagnosis with likelihood ratios.

Randomised controlled trials
09. Sample size calculations in randomized trials: mandatory and mystical.
10. Generation of allocation sequences in randomized trials: chance, not choice.
11. Allocation concealment in randomized trials: defending against deciphering.
12. Unequal group sizes in randomized trials: guarding against guessing.
13. Sample size slippages in randomized trials: exclusions and the lost and wayward.
14. Blinding in randomized trials: hiding who got what.
15. Multiplicity in randomized trials I: endpoints and treatments.
16. Multiplicity in randomized trials II: subgroup and interim analyses.
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2010年8月9日 星期一

統計、流病、EBM 9: ABC of Epidemiology

當初在上課時，在同學的介紹之下發現了在 Kidney International 連載的文章 ABC of Epidemiology，也是橫跨三年的文章。他人之石可以攻錯，好文章分享。統計與流病是相輔相成的，正如Sir William Osler所說的"He who studies medicine without books sails an uncharted sea, but he who studies medicine without patients does not go to sea at all."

01. General and clinical epidemiology at square two: A new educational series for the renal physician.

02. Measuring disease occurrence

03. The randomized clinical trial: An unbeatable standard in clinical research?

04. The valuable contribution of observational studies to nephrology

05. Measures of effect: Relative risks, odds ratios, risk difference, and 'number needed to treat'

06. Bias in clinical research

07. Confounding: What it is and how to deal with it

08. Linear and logistic regression analysis

09. The analysis of survival data: the Kaplan–Meier method

10. The analysis of survival data in nephrology: basic concepts and methods of Cox regression

11. Survival analysis: time-dependent effects and time-varying risk factors

12. The effect of joint exposures: examining the presence of interaction








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2010年8月3日 星期二

統計、流病、EBM 8：Explorations in Statistics

在 Advances in Physiology Education 連載Douglas Curran-Everett新的統計教學，內容有深有淺，值得仔細探索。特別的是以R為範本，在Supplemental Material中有R的程式碼供使用。


2.  Explorations in statistics: the bootstrap. Adv Physiol Educ 2009;33:286-92.
3.  Explorations in statistics: confidence intervals. Adv Physiol Educ 2009;33:87-90.
5.  Explorations in statistics: power. Adv Physiol Educ 2010;34:41-3.
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統計、流病、EBM 7：Series: Basic statistics for busy clinicians

在Allergologia et Immunopathologia 最近的連載，雖然標示為西班牙文，但實為英文，值得花一點時間看看。

Series: Basic statistics for busy clinicians

01 Sampling and questionnaires. V Perez-Fernandez. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2008;36:228-33.
02 Design and debugging databases for statistical analysis. M M Rodríguez del Águila, P Garrido-Fernández. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2009;37:93-7.

03 Descriptive statistics. S. Pérez-Vicente, M. Expósito Ruiz. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr).2009; 37(06) :314-20.

04 Measures of frequency, magnitude of association and impact in epidemiology. A.R. González-Ramírez, F. Rivas-Ruiz. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr).2010; 38 :147-52.
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2010年8月1日 星期日

統計、流病、EBM 6: Circulation的統計教學

Circulation的統計教學，共三年的連載，是否要花三年來讀呢？

Statistical Primer for Cardiovascular Research

01. Editors' Note

02. Descriptive Statistics and Graphical Displays

03. Estimation From Samples

04. Hypothesis Testing: Means 

05. Hypothesis Testing: Proportions 

06. Correlation and Regression

07. Rank Score Tests

08. Survival Methods

09. Receiver-Operating Characteristic Analysis for Evaluating Diagnostic Tests and Predictive Models

10. Design of Randomized Controlled Trials

11. Evaluation of Randomized Controlled Trials

12. Propensity Scores in Cardiovascular Research

13. Meta-Analysis

14. Analysis of Variance

15. Multiple Comparisons Procedures

16. Repeated Measures

17. Multiple Linear Regression: Accounting for Multiple Simultaneous Determinants of a Continuous Dependent Variable

18. Logistic Regression

19. Survival Methods: Additional Topics 

20. Genetic Association Studies

21. Genetic and Genomic Discovery Using Family Studies

22. Genetics and Genomics: Gene Expression Microarrays 

23. A Primer in Longitudinal Data Analysis

      Letter by Patel Regarding Article, "A Primer in Longitudinal Data Analysis"

24. Optimizing Trial Design: Sequential, Adaptive, and Enrichment Strategies

 

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2010年6月19日 星期六

EndNote X4 推出了

為了因應M$ Office 2010，EndNote X4 推出了。

介紹一個應用Endnote 的好網站：


內容主要介紹Zotero 、Endnote 、Stata這三套軟體的使用，對於要寫論文的人而言，這是生活的工具，在Facebook上也有粉絲團。


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2010年4月13日 星期二

統計、流病及EBM 5

CDC 的流病入門課程(pdf)，可以自己慢慢地自修。

American College of Physicians (ACP)所出版的好書

    Lang TA, Secic M: How to report statistics in medicine: annotated guidelines for authors, editors, and reviewers. Second edition. 2006; Philadelphia: American College of Physicians.
  •         這本書教您如何報告醫學統計--值得擁有。缺點：未包括如何報告mixed model, GEE等較複雜方式。
    Lang的另一篇好文章：20個常見的統計錯誤
    Lang TA: Twenty statistical errors even you can find in biomedical research articles. Croat Med J. 2004;45:361-70.

免費的統計軟體

統計學家Martin Bland的網站
  • 許多好文章，可以進來挖寶。Bland-Altman Plot有詳細的說明。


線上生物統計

天下文化出版的書籍，可說是本本精彩

  1. 史密斯(Woollcott Smith) 著, 鄭惟厚 譯, 高尼克(Larry Gonick) 繪. 看漫畫，學統計 The Cartoon Guide to Statistics. 台北: 天下文化, 2003.
  2. 墨爾(David S. Moore) 著, 鄭惟厚 譯. 統計，讓數字說話! STATISTICS. 台北: 天下文化, 1998.
  3. 墨爾(David S. Moore) 著, 鄭惟厚 譯. 統計學的世界Statistics, concepts and controversies, 5th ed. 台北: 天下文化, 2002.
  4. 拉森(Harold J. Larson) 著, 鄭惟厚 譯. 機率學的世界 Introduction to Probability. 台北: 天下文化, 2004.
  5. 瓊斯 (Gerald Everett Jones) 著, 葉偉文 譯. 別讓統計圖表唬弄你 How to Lie with Charts. 台北: 天下文化, 2005.
  6. 萊文森(Horace C. Levinson) 著, 葉偉文 譯. 統計你贏的機率 Chance, Luck, and Statistics. 台北: 天下文化, 2004.
  7. 薩爾斯伯格(David Salsburg) 著, 葉偉文 譯. 統計，改變了世界The Lady Tasting Tea. 台北: 天下文化, 2001.
  8. 赫夫(Darrell Huff) 著, 鄭惟厚 譯, 蓋斯(Irving Geis) 繪. 別讓統計數字騙了你 How to Lie with Statistics. 台北: 天下文化, 2005.
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統計、流病及EBM 4

Aviva Petrie 等人在British Dentistry Journal上的文章(Aviva Petrie即是Medical Statistics at a Glance的作者之一)
  1. Petrie A, Bulman JS, Osborn JF: Further statistics in dentistry: Part 1: Research designs 1. Br Dent J 2002;193:377-380.
  2. Petrie A, Bulman JS, Osborn JF: Further statistics in dentistry. Part 2: Research designs 2. Br Dent J 2002;193:435-440.
  3. Petrie A, Bulman JS, Osborn JF: Further statistics in dentistry. Part 3: Clinical trials 1. Br Dent J 2002;193:495-498.
  4. Petrie A, Bulman JS, Osborn JF: Further statistics in dentistry. Part 4: Clinical trials 2. Br Dent J 2002;193:557-561.
  5. Petrie A, Bulman JS, Osborn JF: Further statistics in dentistry, Part 5: Diagnostic tests for oral conditions. Br Dent J 2002;193:621-625.
  6. Petrie A, Bulman JS, Osborn JF: Further statistics in dentistry. Part 6: Multiple linear regression. Br Dent J 2002;193:675-682.
  7. Petrie A, Bulman JS, Osborn JF: Further statistics in dentistry. Part 7: repeated measures. Br Dent J 2003;194:17-21.
  8. Petrie A, Bulman JS, Osborn JF: Further statistics in dentistry, Part 8: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Br Dent J 2003;194:73-78.
  9. Petrie A, Bulman JS, Osborn JF: Further statistics in dentistry. Part 9: Bayesian statistics. Br Dent J 2003;194:129-134.
  10. Osborn JF, Bulman JS, Petrie A: Further statistics in dentistry. Part 10: Sherlock Holmes, evidence and evidence-based dentistry. Br Dent J 2003;194:189-195.

BMJ (British medical journal)

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統計、流病及EBM 3

在American Journal of Roentgenology 上關於統計的文章

  1. Beam CA, Blackmore CC, Karlik S, Reinhold C. Editors' Introduction to the Series. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2001; 176:323-325.
  2. Blackmore CC. The Challenge of Clinical Radiology Research. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2001; 176:327-331.
  3. Crewson PE, Applegate KE. Data Collection in Radiology Research. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2001; 177:755-761.
  4. Jarvik JG. The Research Framework. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2001; 176:873-878.
  5. Saini S. Radiologic Measurement of Tumor Size in Clinical Trials: Past, Present, and Future. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2001; 176:333-334.
  6. Beam CA. Statistically Engineering the Study for Success. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2002; 179:47-52.
  7. Joseph L, Reinhold C. Introduction to Probability Theory and Sampling Distributions. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2003; 180:917-923.
  8. Karlik SJ. Exploring and Summarizing Radiologic Data. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2003; 180:47-54.
  9. Karlik SJ. Visualizing Radiologic Data. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2003; 180:607-619.
  10. Blackmore CC, Cummings P. Observational Studies in Radiology. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2004; 183:1203-1208.
  11. Crewson PE. Reader Agreement Studies. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2005; 184:1391-1397.
  12. Dendukuri N, Reinhold C. Correlation and Regression. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2005; 185:3-18.
  13. Joseph L, Reinhold C. Statistical Inference for Continuous Variables. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2005; 184:1047-1056.
  14. Joseph L, Reinhold C. Statistical Inference for Proportions. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2005; 184:1057-1064.
  15. Obuchowski NA. Multivariate Statistical Methods. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2005; 185:299-309.
  16. Obuchowski NA. ROC Analysis. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2005; 184:364-372.
  17. Plevritis SK. Decision Analysis and Simulation Modeling for Evaluating Diagnostic Tests on the Basis of Patient Outcomes. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2005; 185:581-590.
  18. Stolberg HO, Norman G, Trop I. Survival Analysis. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2005; 185:19-22.
  19. Weinstein S, Obuchowski NA, Lieber ML. Clinical Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2005; 184:14-19.
  20. Willis CE, Slovis TL. The ALARA Concept in Pediatric CR and DR: Dose Reduction in Pediatric Radiographic Exams -- A White Paper Conference. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2005; 184:373-374.
  21. Gatsonis C, Paliwal P. Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic and Screening Test Accuracy Evaluations: Methodologic Primer. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2006; 187:271-281.
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統計、流病及EBM 2

在Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research上關於統計、流病及EBM的文章 (因CORR改由Springer發行，但Springer只有2008年以後的版權，目前連結重新製作中)

  1. Schunemann HJ, Bone L. Evidence-based orthopaedics: a primer. Clin Orthop 2003(413):117-32.
  2. Montori VM, Swiontkowski MF, Cook DJ. Methodologic issues in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Clin Orthop 2003(413):43-54.
  3. Mitchell SW. The history of instrumental precision in medicine. Univ Med Magazine, October 1841. Clin Orthop 2003(413):11-8; discussion.
  4. Kocher MS, Henley MB. It is money that matters: decision analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis. Clin Orthop 2003(413):106-16.
  5. Jackowski D, Guyatt G. A guide to health measurement. Clin Orthop 2003(413):80-9.
  6. Hartz A, Marsh JL. Methodologic issues in observational studies. Clin Orthop 2003(413):33-42.
  7. Griffin D, Audige L. Common statistical methods in orthopaedic clinical studies. Clin Orthop 2003(413):70-9.
  8. Gillespie LD, Gillespie WJ. Finding current evidence: search strategies and common databases. Clin Orthop 2003(413):133-45.
  9. Dirschl DR, Tornetta P 3rd, Bhandari M. Designing, conducting, and evaluating journal clubs in orthopaedic surgery. Clin Orthop 2003(413):146-57.
  10. Devereaux PJ, McKee MD, Yusuf S. Methodologic issues in randomized controlled trials of surgical interventions. Clin Orthop 2003(413):25-32.
  11. Brighton B, Bhandari M, Tornetta P 3rd, Felson DT. Hierarchy of evidence: from case reports to randomized controlled trials. Clin Orthop 2003(413):19-24.
  12. Bhandari M, Whang W, Kuo JC, Devereaux PJ, Sprague S, Tornetta P 3rd. The risk of false-positive results in orthopaedic surgical trials. Clin Orthop 2003(413):63-9.
  13. Bhandari M, Tornetta P 3rd, Guyatt GH. Glossary of evidence-based orthopaedic terminology. Clin Orthop 2003(413):158-63.
  14. Bhandari M, Tornetta P 3rd. Evidence-based orthopaedics: a paradigm shift. Clin Orthop 2003(413):9-10.
  15. Bernstein J, McGuire K, Freedman KB. Statistical sampling and hypothesis testing in orthopaedic research. Clin Orthop 2003(413):55-62.
  16. Beaton DE, Schemitsch E. Measures of health-related quality of life and physical function. Clin Orthop 2003(413):90-105.
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統計、流病及EBM 1

以下是以前所收集的文章及網頁，分享給各位：

Tufts University 的 Gerard E. Dallal, PhD 所編纂的 BMJ (British Medical Journal) statistics note (整理的相當好)

在Radiology上有一系列關於統計的文章，內容相當新。值得花時間仔細閱讀。Radiology也整理出稿件中十大常見統計錯誤。

在Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American Edition, British Edition 及Instructional Course Lecture上關於統計及流病的文章

  1. Bubbar VK, Kreder HJ: The intention-to-treat principle: a primer for the orthopaedic surgeon. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006;88:2097-2099.
  2. Petrie A: Statistics in orthopaedic papers. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2006;88:1121-1136.
  3. Kocher MS, Zurakowski D. Clinical epidemiology and biostatistics: a primer for orthopaedic surgeons. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004; 86:607-620.
  4. Bhandari M, Richards RR, Sprague S, Schemitsch EH. The quality of reporting of randomized trials in the Journal of Bone and Joint
    Surgery from 1988 through 2000    . J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84:388-96.
  5. Bhandari M, Morrow F, Kulkarni AV, Tornetta P 3rd. Meta-analyses in orthopaedic surgery. A systematic review of their methodologies. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83:15-24.
  6. Bhandari M, Guyatt GH, Montori V, Devereaux PJ, Swiontkowski MF. User's guide to the orthopaedic literature: how to use a systematic literature review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83:1650-5.
  7. Lochner HV, Bhandari M, Tornetta P 3rd. Type-II error rates (beta errors) of randomized trials in orthopaedic trauma. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83:1650-5.
  8. Freedman KB, Back S, Bernstein J. Sample size and statistical power of randomised, controlled trials in orthopaedics. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2001; 83:397-402.
  9. Freedman KB, Bernstein J. Sample size and statistical power in clinical orthopaedic research. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999; 81:1454-1460.
  10. Szabo RM. Principles of epidemiology for the orthopaedic surgeon. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1998; 80:111-120.
  11. Smith JS, Watts HG. Methods for locating missing patients for the purpose of long-term clinical studies. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1998; 80:431-438.
  12. Fuson RL, Sherman M, Van Vleet J, Wendt T. The conduct of orthopaedic clinical trials. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997; 79:1089-98.
  13. Ebramzadeh E, McKellop H, Dorey F, Sarmiento A. Challenging the validity of conclusions based on P-values alone: a critique of contemporary clinical research design and methods. Instr Course Lect 1994; 43:587-600.
  14. Dorey F, Nasser S, Amstutz H. The need for confidence intervals in the presentation of orthopaedic data. [PDF] J Bone Joint Surg Am 1993; 75:1844-1852.  
  15. Dorey F, Amstutz HC. Discrepancies in the orthopaedic literature: why? A statistical explanation. Instr Course Lect 1993; 42:555-564.
  16. Santner TJ, Wypij D. Fundamentals of statistics for orthopaedists: Part IV. [PDF] J Bone Joint Surg Am 1987; 69:463-470.  
  17. Santner TJ, Wypij D. Fundamentals of statistics for orthopaedists: Part III. [PDF] J Bone Joint Surg Am 1984; 66:1309-1318.  
  18. Santner TJ, Burstein AH. Fundamentals of statistics for orthopaedists: Part II. [PDF] J Bone Joint Surg Am 1984; 66:794-799.  
  19. Santner TJ. Fundamentals of statistics for orthopaedists: Part I. [PDF] J Bone Joint Surg Am 1984; 66:468-471.
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